BP104T • PCI 2026Biological Sciences CoreCredits: 4 (45 Hours Theory)

BP104T – Human Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology I

Cellular biology, tissues, skeletal system, joints, hematology, cardiovascular system, and cellular injury pathophysiology.

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📖 Unit-wise Notes📋 Official Syllabus❓ Solved MCQs📝 Important Questions🧪 Viva & Practicals

📌 Subject Overview

BP104T provides comprehensive coverage of the structural organization, physiological mechanisms, homeostatic balance, and fundamental pathophysiological processes of human body systems — including cell signaling, tissues, skeletal/joints, blood components, cardiovascular mechanics, and cellular injury/inflammation.

BP104T में मानव शरीर रचना (Anatomy), क्रिया विज्ञान (Physiology), और रोग विज्ञान (Pathophysiology) शामिल हैं — जैसे कोशिका संरचना, रक्त (Blood), हृदय (Cardiovascular System), हड्डियां और जोड़।

Revised under the new PCI 2026 curriculum, BP104T uniquely integrates human anatomy, systemic physiology, and core pathophysiological mechanisms into a unified foundational subject.

Unit-wise Notes & Study Materials

Select any unit below to access in-depth lecture notes, examples, and summaries.

Unit 1

Cellular Structure, Homeostasis & Cellular Injury

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Cell organelles, membrane transport, cell junctions, signal transduction, negative/positive feedback homeostasis, mechanisms of cell injury, necrosis, and apoptosis.यूनिट 1 में कोशिका (Cell) की संरचना, मेम्ब्रेन ट्रांसपोर्ट, होमोस्टैसिस (Homeostasis), और सेल डैमेज/नेक्रोसिस व एपोप्टोसिस के कारण बताए गए हैं।

Key Topics Covered:
•Structural Organization of Cell, Plasma Membrane & Organelles
•Mechanisms of Membrane Transport: Passive, Active, Endocytosis, Exocytosis
•Intercellular Junctions and Basic Cell Signaling Mechanisms
•Homeostasis: Negative and Positive Feedback Loops (Body Temperature, Blood Pressure)
•Pathophysiology of Cellular Injury: Hypoxia, Free Radical Damage, Reversible vs Irreversible Injury
•Cell Death: Morphological Patterns of Necrosis (Coagulative, Liquefactive, Caseous) vs Apoptosis
•Cellular Adaptations: Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Atrophy, Metaplasia, Dysplasia
Unit 2

Tissue Organization & Integumentary System

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Classification, structure, and functions of epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues; skin layers, epidermal appendages, wound healing, and inflammation.यूनिट 2 में चारों प्रकार के टिशू (Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous), त्वचा की संरचना, और चोट ठीक होने (Wound Healing) की प्रक्रिया है।

Key Topics Covered:
•Epithelial Tissue: Types (Simple, Stratified, Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Transitional) & Locations
•Connective Tissue: Loose, Dense, Cartilage, Bone, Blood Matrix
•Muscular Tissue: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac Muscle Histology
•Nervous Tissue: Neurons, Glial Cells, Synapse Structure
•Integumentary System: Epidermis Layers, Dermis, Appendages (Hair, Nails, Sebaceous & Sweat Glands)
•Pathophysiology of Acute & Chronic Inflammation: Vascular & Cellular Events, Chemical Mediators
•Wound Healing: Primary and Secondary Intention, Repair vs Regeneration
Unit 3

Skeletal System & Articulations (Joints)

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Axial and appendicular skeleton, bone histology, ossification, calcium homeostasis, classification of joints, synovial joint anatomy, movements, and joint disorders.यूनिट 3 में कंकाल तंत्र (Skeletal System), हड्डियों का निर्माण, जोड़ों (Joints) के प्रकार, और गठिया (Arthritis व Gout) के लक्षण हैं।

Key Topics Covered:
•Divisions of Skeletal System: Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Bones
•Bone Histology: Compact Bone (Osteon / Haversian System) vs Spongy Bone (Trabeculae)
•Bone Formation: Intramembranous vs Endochondral Ossification
•Hormonal Regulation of Bone Remodeling and Calcium Homeostasis (PTH, Calcitonin, Vitamin D)
•Classification of Joints: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial Joints
•Structure of Synovial Joint, Synovial Fluid Composition, and Types of Joint Movements
•Pathophysiology of Skeletal Disorders: Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Gout
Unit 4

Hematology (Blood, Lymph & Hemostasis)

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Blood composition, plasma proteins, hematopoiesis, RBC life cycle, hemoglobin, blood groups, WBC functions, platelets, coagulation cascade, and blood disorders.यूनिट 4 में रक्त की संरचना, हीमोग्लोबिन, ब्लड ग्रुपिंग (ABO/Rh), ब्लड क्लॉटिंग मैकेनिज्म, और एनीमिया (Anemia) के प्रकार शामिल हैं।

Key Topics Covered:
•Composition & Functions of Blood, Plasma vs Serum, Plasma Proteins
•Hematopoiesis (Erythropoiesis, Leukopoiesis, Thrombopoiesis)
•Structure & Functions of Hemoglobin, Iron Metabolism, and RBC Destruction
•ABO and Rh Blood Grouping Systems, Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)
•White Blood Cells (Granulocytes, Agranulocytes): Functions in Innate & Adaptive Immunity
•Hemostasis: Vascular Spasm, Platelet Plug Formation, Coagulation Cascade (Intrinsic & Extrinsic Pathways)
•Pathophysiology of Blood Disorders: Anemias (Iron Deficiency, Megaloblastic, Sickle Cell), Leukemias, Hemophilia, Thrombocytopenia
Unit 5

Cardiovascular System & Hemodynamics

Open Unit 5 Notes➔

Anatomy of heart, cardiac conduction system, cardiac cycle, heart sounds, ECG basics, cardiac output, blood pressure regulation, and cardiovascular pathophysiology.यूनिट 5 में हृदय की बनावट, कार्डियक साइकिल, ईसीजी (ECG), ब्लड प्रेशर नियंत्रण (RAAS System), और हार्ट अटैक (MI) व हाइपरटेंशन की बीमारी का अध्ययन है।

Key Topics Covered:
•Gross Anatomy of Heart, Pericardium, Heart Chambers, Valves, and Coronary Circulation
•Microscopic Structure of Cardiac Muscle & Intercalated Discs
•Cardiac Conduction System: SA Node (Pacemaker), AV Node, Bundle of His, Purkinje Fibers
•Cardiac Cycle Events, Heart Sounds (Lub-Dub), and ECG Waveform Correlation (P, QRS, T Waves)
•Cardiac Output: Stroke Volume, Heart Rate, Frank-Starling Law, Regulation of Cardiac Output
•Blood Pressure Regulation: Short-term (Baroreceptors) and Long-term (RAAS Pathway)
•Pathophysiology of CVD: Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, Angina Pectoris, Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure

Official PCI Syllabus Breakdown

The Human Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology I (BP104T) course is prescribed for 45 theory hours and 15 tutorial/practical hours per semester. The syllabus is structured to provide foundational scientific understanding and practical applications required for subsequent professional semesters.

Download Full PCI Curriculum PDF↗
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BP104T MCQs

Practice multiple-choice questions with answer explanations designed for sessional and semester tests.

Practice MCQs➔
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Important Questions

Targeted 10-mark long essays, 5-mark short answers, and 2-mark definitions with answer outlines.

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Practicals & Viva Voce

Lab experiment procedures, safety rules, and frequently asked oral viva questions with model answers.

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